The decorative patterns of jade articles in the Spring and Autumn Period are numerous and complex. However, it is not difficult to find that most of them have the same motif, that is, the dragon's first line, which is also called dragon dragonfly and crepe. These dragon's first lines are used for the side shape of the nose, mouth (or tongue), and the difference is reflected in the difference in process morphology. Let's take a brief look at the various dragon head patterns on the jade wares in the Spring and Autumn Period.
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1. The first line of the double-line dragon: the nose, the scorpion, the mouth, the horn and other parts of the dragon are all represented by the long-tailed scorpion-shaped pattern unit. These crepe patterns are flat double-hook stencil techniques. It is more common in the early period from the early Spring and Autumn Period to the early spring and autumn, and has a clear relationship with the jade ornament of the late Western Zhou Dynasty.
The tomb of Huang Junmeng is located in Baoxiang Temple, Guangshan County, Henan Province. In the spring of 1983, the archaeological workers of the Xinyang District Cultural Management Committee and the Guangshan County Cultural Management Association excavated them. The tomb was in the early part of the early spring and autumn, and the tomb was Huang Junmeng and his wife, Mrs. Huang, Meng Ji. The surface of the jade, jade, jade, jade, jade and other unearthed in the tomb are decorated with double-hook inscriptions. For example, a piece of jade (No. G1: B1) from the tomb No. 1 of the tomb: sapphire, with a grayish brown spot on the surface. The middle hole is larger. The surface is full of double-line dragons. The diameter is 11.6, the aperture is 6, and the thickness is 0.3 cm.
In the spring of 1978, the Shandong Provincial Museum and the Lishui County Library cleaned up two tombs and a car-horse pit in the west of Liujiadianzi Village. The No. 1 tomb is a remnant of the middle and late spring and autumn. The tomb is the king of the country. The tomb of the 2nd is slightly later than the tomb of the 1st. It is the middle of the spring and autumn or the middle of the spring and autumn. The tomb is the monarch. The jade, jade, jade and other ornaments unearthed in the No. 1 tomb are decorated with double-line dragon heads.
From 1993 to 1994, Nanyang Cultural Relics Research Institute and Tongbai County Cultural Management Office excavated a large tomb in Zuojiazhuang, Yuehe Town, Tongbai County. The owner of the tomb was the monarch of the country where the surname was Xiaoguo, and the tomb was in the spring and autumn. Early stage. In the Tomb of Tongbai Yuehe No. 1 unearthed, a large number of jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, and jade ornaments with double-line dragon heads were unearthed. For example, a rectangular jade plate numbered M1:80: yellow and white. The one end is slightly wider, the longer sides have four small four-symmetric symmetry, the shorter two sides each have two small symmetrical grooves, and each of the four corners has a small perforation. The front side is double-hooked and engraved with the technique of double hooks. Length 5.4, width 2, thickness 0.1 cm.
2. Unreduced embossed dragon head pattern: The pattern unit that constitutes the dragon head is flat, the layout is full and the embossing is not very good. Each unit is outlined by a single Yinxian line, and its edges are also rounded and smoothed by the honing, so that the pattern forms a convex feeling, but the elements are not really removed from the ground, so it can be called unreduced relief. Mainly popular in the late spring and autumn period to the late Spring and Autumn Period.
The Chu State cemetery of Xiachuan Xia Temple is located at the foot of Longshan, on the west bank of Danjiang Reservoir, about 50 kilometers south of Luanchuan County, Henan Province. From 1978 to 1979, the original Henan Provincial Cultural Relics Task Force cleaned up 24 Chunchu Chu Tombs. The three large tombs No. 2, No. 1, and No. 3 are the main bodies of the lower cemetery. The excavator thinks that the tomb of the No. 2 tomb may be the prince of Yin, who died in 552 BC, the monk of the No. 1 tomb, Meng Tengji, the wife of the M2 tomb, and the tomb of the tomb No. 3, Ji Dan, Cai Houzhi Female, another lady of the Tomb No. 2. The three tombs are in the early stage of the late spring and autumn, and there are many jade, jade, jade, jade, jade and so on. Two pieces of jade (No. M2: 146, 267) unearthed from the No. 2 tomb of the following temple: Qingbaiyu, which is yellowish white. The pupil is round and has ribs on both sides of the outer edge. Both sides adopt the unreducing embossing technique, and the image of the array of side-viewing dragons is formed by the elements such as cirrus, crepe, and ring. Diameter 6.3-6.8, aperture 2, thickness 0.2-0.27 cm.
The tomb of Fengli Pavilion in Huixian County and Tomb B were excavated in 1936 for archaeologists of the Henan Provincial Museum. The age of the two tombs is roughly between the late mid-autumn and the early spring and autumn. Most jade articles unearthed from the tombs of the two tombs are decorated with dragon heads that are honed by the relief technique. A jade tooth numbered 179 unearthed in the tomb is representative of: white jade, cinnabar, brown scar on the surface. The curved shape is sharp and pointed, and the one end is wider, which is a dragon head and has a profile on the edge of the rim. The dragon's elliptical eye, the nose, the lower jaw and the corner are decorated with a crepe pattern. The front end of the lower jaw is pointed and rolled up, and is connected to the rear end of the upper jaw to form a round hole to indicate the mouth. The dragon's first staggered dragon's head pattern is produced by unrelenting relief techniques. It is 10.1 in length, 2.1 in width and 0.3 cm in thickness.
3. Double hook wide line dragon head pattern: The main part of the dragon head is composed of hook and groove unit. This wide strip-shaped hook-and-stitching process is more complicated. First, a double-hook technique is used to outline a ring frame. In the frame, a reverse-angled knife is usually used to extract two slopes with opposite inclination directions, and the two slopes are formed. A twisted rib. Judging from the shape of such patterns, it is likely to be developed on the basis of the double-line dragon's first line. The two are also successively in the era, and there is basically no recombination. The double-hook wide line dragon pattern was popular in the late period of the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early period of the Warring States. It was mostly from the southern region including the Chu State and its vassal small country, Wu Guo and Yue Guo.
In the spring of 1986, the archaeological personnel of the Wuxian Cultural Management Association found a large number of jade articles in the mouth of the mountain in the southeast of Yanshan, Wu County, Jiangsu Province. According to research, this batch of jade articles is used by the Wu State Palace. It was the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Wu Wangfu was defeated by Yue Wang Gou Jian. When he fled, he was buried here. In the shoal, the jade, jade tiger, jade hoop and other objects with double hook and wide line dragon head patterns were unearthed. For example, a pair of jade tigers numbered J2:51: sapphire, which is heavily eroded. The two pieces are the same in shape, flat body, tiger-shaped, four-legged, and high-end. On the front side, the double-hook intaglio and reverse-slanting knife techniques are used to control the shape of the dragon's head. The backlight is left with traces of cutting, which are retained after the profile is cut. It is 11.9 long, 3.8 wide, and 0.1-0.3 cm thick.
In the spring of 1955, the Anhui Provincial Museum excavated a high-grade tomb in the late Spring and Autumn Period in the West Gate of Shou County. According to the test, the owner of the tomb was Cai Zhaohou. Some of the rectangular jade ornaments on the tomb also have two sets of side-view dragon head lines composed of hook-and-stitch units.
4. Reduced land embossed dragon head pattern: the nose, sputum, mouth, horn and other parts of the dragon's head are expressed in the form of cirrus, grain, and embossed embossed patterns formed by the reduction of the ground. Each pattern unit is sparsely spaced and embossed. The relief of the first relief in the early spring and autumn period was early in the Warring States period. Judging from the craft characteristics and popular situation of such decorative patterns, it is the result of the evolution of the embossed dragon head pattern, which follows a trend from figurative to abstract, complicated, full and simplified, and segregated. The grain pattern is the product of the further evolution of the first relief pattern of the relief embossed dragon.
In 1988, the Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and the Taiyuan City Cultural Management Association excavated a large Eastern Zhou aristocratic tomb and its burial car pit, Jinsheng Village, Jinsheng Village, in the southern suburb of Taiyuan. Based on the analysis of the shape of the tombs and the specifications of the tombs, the ornaments, the inscriptions and the scale of the horses and horses, the excavators combined with the relevant historical literature studies to speculate that the owner of the tomb and the horse-horse pit may be the most prominent ruling prince in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Zhao Jianzi Zhao Wei. There is a batch of jade ornaments decorated with relief embossed dragons in the tomb of No. 251 Jinsheng Village. For example, a rectangular jade ornament (No. M251:337): reddish brown. Rectangular flat body with ridges on the sides and a small hole in each corner. The surface is full of dragon head lines, which are reduced to the ground. Length 12.1, width 4.8-6, thickness 0.25 cm.
No. 7 Tomb of Niujiapo is the tomb of the lady of the Korean scholar-offer in the late Spring and Autumn Period. It is located in the west of the eldest son county of Shanxi Province. In 1977, the Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology conducted an excavation. There is a jade dragon in the tomb: green jade, brown freckle. Dragon shape, flat. The dragon looks back, the belly of the drum, the tail of the tail, and a foot under the middle of the trunk, which is pointed. The dragon's head is short and thick, closed, and the corners are expressed in cirrus. The surface is embossed with a dragon's first line, and the detail is carved with a single Yin line. It is 10.5 long and 4.05 cm wide.
5. Single-line dragon head pattern: It is a highly abstract dragon head pattern, which is closely linked and has a rigid shape. It is expressed by a slender inscription. This kind of dragon head pattern is concentrated in the Qin tomb in the Guanzhong area in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The regional characteristics are relatively clear and can be identified as the Qin style dragon's first line.
From 1976 to 1986, the Yucheng Archaeological Team excavated the Qin Gong No. 1 Tomb in the South Command Township of Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province. According to the characteristics of the residual artifacts and the written materials, it is generally believed that the tomb owner is Qin Jinggong in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Although the tomb has been stolen many times since the historical period, nearly a thousand pieces of jade are still unearthed. Most of these jade objects are decorated with single-line dragon heads. For example, a rectangular convex tooth hollowed out in the tomb is decorated with white jade and cinnabar remains on the surface. Rectangular flat body, one corner is incomplete, three sides are carved with a tortuous linear hole, the edge has many convex teeth, the middle and lower part protrudes from the rectangular table top, and the edge is drilled with five triangular through holes. There are 15 sets of square dragon head lines which are formed by the inlaid thin lines on the table. There are also 13 sets of square dragon head lines on the plane outside the table. Length 10, width 5, thickness 0.4-0.6 cm.
The No. 2 tomb of Yimen Village, Baoji was discovered in 1992 by the Baoji Archaeological Task Force. The tomb is a relic of the late Spring and Autumn Period. According to the study, the tomb owner is probably the king of the Western Kingdom who was moved to Guanzhong after the Qin Mu Gongba Xiqiao. In the tomb, many jade articles with single-line dragon heads were unearthed. Such as a pair of M2: 132 jade: jasper. The tip of the square head is pointed and curved. The two sides are all engraved with each other. The length is 8.2, the first width is 2.3, and the thickness is 0.3 cm.
The above five types of dragon head lines generally cover the common patterns on the spring and autumn jade. The corresponding relationship between the various dragon head lines and the age can be seen in Table 1. According to research, most of the various patterns popular in the Warring States period have been changed by the five types of dragons.
Supplementary note: This article refers to the relevant works of Mr. Wu Haohai and Xu Lin, and does not dare to plunder the beauty. In addition, in the process of writing in the Yi language, Mr. Mongolian enlightened me, I would like to thank you!
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